Table of contents
Diabetes mellitus type 2
What's new
Updated 2024 ESC guidelines for the management of hypertension in patients with diabetes mellitus.
Guidelines
Key sources
Screening and diagnosis
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Diagnosis
Classification and risk stratification
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Cardiovascular risk assessment
Diagnostic investigations
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HbA1c and blood glucose
Screening for obesity
Screening for hypertension
Screening for CVD
Screening for PAD
Screening for dyslipidemia
Screening for MASLD
Screening for diabetic nephropathy
Screening for diabetic retinopathy
Screening for diabetic neuropathy
Screening for diabetic foot
Screening for osteoporosis
Screening for disability
Screening for anxiety and depression
Screening for sleep disorders
Screening for cognitive impairment
Screening for serious mental illnesses
Screening for disordered eating behavior
Screening for male hypogonadism
Medical management
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Glycemic targets
Initial therapy (general principles)
Initial therapy (metformin)
Initial therapy (SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists)
Initial therapy (DPP4 inhibitors)
Insulin therapy (indications)
Insulin therapy (choice of agent)
Insulin therapy (delivery systems)
Insulin therapy (monitoring)
Management of hypoglycemia
Management of obesity
Management of hypertension (BP targets)
Management of hypertension (lifestyle modifications)
Management of hypertension (pharmacotherapy)
Management of hypertension (monitoring)
Prevention of CVD (glucose-lowering medications)
Prevention of CVD (antiplatelet therapy)
Management of CVD (glucose-lowering medications)
Management of CVD (antihypertensives)
Management of CVD (revascularization)
Management of dyslipidemia (lipid targets)
Management of dyslipidemia (lifestyle modifications)
Management of dyslipidemia (statin therapy)
Management of dyslipidemia (non-statin lipid-lowering therapy)
Management of dyslipidemia (hypertriglyceridemia)
Management of dyslipidemia (lipid profile monitoring)
Management of MASLD (cardiovascular assessment)
Management of MASLD (lifestyle changes)
Management of MASLD (glucose-lowering medications)
Management of MASLD (insulin therapy)
Management of MASLD (statin therapy)
Management of MASLD (bariatric surgery)
Management of diabetic nephropathy (general principles)
Management of diabetic nephropathy (smoking cessation)
Management of diabetic nephropathy (metformin)
Management of diabetic nephropathy (GLP-1 receptor agonists)
Management of diabetic nephropathy (SGLT-2 inhibitors)
Management of diabetic nephropathy (RAS inhibitors)
Management of diabetic nephropathy (mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists)
Management of diabetic nephropathy (laboratory follow-up)
Management of diabetic retinopathy
Management of diabetic neuropathy
Management of diabetic foot
Management of osteoporosis
Management of gastroparesis
Inpatient care
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Management of hospitalized patients (HbA1C testing)
Management of hospitalized patients (glucose monitoring)
Management of hospitalized patients (insulin therapy)
Management of hospitalized patients (non-insulin therapy)
Management of hospitalized patients (treatment targets)
Management of hospitalized patients (prevention of hypoglycemia)
Management of hospitalized patients (oral carbohydrate fluids)
Nonpharmacologic interventions
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Weight loss
Physical activity
Dietary modifications (general principles)
Dietary modifications (eating patterns)
Dietary modifications (carbohydrates)
Dietary modifications (protein)
Dietary modifications (fat)
Dietary modifications (nonnutritive sweeteners)
Dietary modifications (sodium)
Dietary modifications (micronutrients and supplements)
Dietary modifications (alcohol)
Psychosocial care
Perioperative care
Surgical interventions
Specific circumstances
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Elderly patients (screening for hypoglycemia)
Elderly patients (treatment goals)
Elderly patients (lifestyle modifications)
Elderly patients (pharmacotherapy)
Elderly patients (residing in nursing facilities)
Elderly patients (end-of-life care)
Pediatric patients (screening and diagnosis)
Pediatric patients (screening for hypertension)
Pediatric patients (screening for CVD)
Pediatric patients (screening for dyslipidemia)
Pediatric patients (screening for MASLD)
Pediatric patients (screening for nephropathy)
Pediatric patients (screening for retinopathy)
Pediatric patients (screening for neuropathy)
Pediatric patients (screening for obstructive sleep apnea)
Pediatric patients (screening for PCOS)
Pediatric patients (screening for psychosocial factors)
Pediatric patients (lifestyle modifications)
Pediatric patients (glycemic targets)
Pediatric patients (pharmacotherapy)
Pediatric patients (management of obesity)
Pediatric patients (management of hypertension)
Pediatric patients (management of dyslipidemia)
Pediatric patients (management of nephropathy)
Pediatric patients (transition to adult care)
Pregnant patients (screening)
Pregnant patients (preconception counseling and care)
Pregnant patients (nutrition)
Pregnant patients (glycemic targets)
Pregnant patients (management of gestational diabetes)
Pregnant patients (management of preexisting diabetes)
Pregnant patients (prevention of preeclampsia)
Pregnant patients (BP targets)
Pregnant patients (postpartum care)
Patients with CKD
Patients with AF
Patients with acute coronary syndrome (glycemic control)
Patients with acute coronary syndrome (revascularization)
Patients with acute coronary syndrome (antithrombotic therapy)
Patients with chronic coronary syndrome (pharmacotherapy)
Patients with chronic coronary syndrome (revascularization)
Patients with chronic coronary syndrome (antithrombotic therapy)
Patients with HF (general principles)
Patients with HF (asymptomatic)
Patients with HF (HFmrEF, HFpEF)
Patients with HF (HFrEF)
Patients with stroke
Patients with PAD
Patients with other vascular diseases
Patients with male hypogonadism
Patients with COVID-19 infection
Patient education
Preventative measures
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Primary prevention (vitamin D supplementation)
Primary prevention (metformin)
Routine immunizations
Follow-up and surveillance
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Monitoring of glycemic status
Continuous glucose monitoring
Quality improvement
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Use of diabetes technology