Juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Updated November 27, 2024

Guidelines

Key sources

The following summarized guidelines for the evaluation and management of juvenile idiopathic arthritis are prepared by our editorial team based on guidelines from the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR/PReS 2024), the American College of Rheumatology (ACR 2023,2022,2019,2013), the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR 2023), the Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOphth 2020), the Arthritis Foundation (AF/ACR 2019), the German Society of ...

Diagnostic investigations

Diagnostic imaging: as per ACR 2022 guidelines, do not obtain radiography as a screening test before advanced imaging for the purpose of identifying active synovitis or enthesitis.

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Ophthalmic screening
Pretreatment evaluation

Medical management

Management of oligoarticular JIA, NSAIDs: as per ACR 2022 guidelines, consider initiating a trial of scheduled NSAIDs as part of initial therapy in patients with active oligoarticular JIA.

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Management of oligoarticular JIA (corticosteroids)
Management of oligoarticular JIA (DMARDs and biologics)
Management of oligoarticular JIA (treatment monitoring)
Management of polyarticular JIA (NSAIDs)
Management of polyarticular JIA (corticosteroids)
Management of polyarticular JIA (DMARDs)
Management of polyarticular JIA (biologics)
Management of systemic-onset JIA (NSAIDs)
Management of systemic-onset JIA (corticosteroids)
Management of systemic-onset JIA (DMARDs)
Management of systemic-onset JIA (IL-1 and IL-6 inhibitors)
Management of systemic-onset JIA (IVIG)
Management of sacroiliitis
Management of enthesitis
Management of TMJ arthritis
Management of uveitis (general principles)
Management of uveitis (topical corticosteroids)
Management of uveitis (conventional DMARDs)
Management of uveitis (biological DMARDs)
Management of uveitis (systemic corticosteroids)
Management of uveitis (ocular corticosteroid injections)
Management of uveitis (NSAIDs)
Management of uveitis (cycloplegics)
Management of uveitis (assessment of treatment response)
Management of uveitis (treatment tapering)

Nonpharmacologic interventions

Dietary modifications: as per ACR 2022 guidelines, counsel patients regarding a healthy, age-appropriate diet.

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Physical and occupational therapy

Therapeutic procedures

Intra-articular corticosteroids, oligoarticular JIA

As per ACR 2022 guidelines:

Administer intra-articular corticosteroids as part of initial therapy in patients with active oligoarticular JIA.

Prefer triamcinolone hexacetonide over triamcinolone acetonide for intra-articular corticosteroid injections.

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Intra-articular corticosteroids (polyarticular JIA)
Intra-articular corticosteroids (systemic-onset JIA)
Intra-articular corticosteroids (sacroiliitis)
Intra-articular corticosteroids (TMJ arthritis)
Intra-articular corticosteroids (imaging guidance)

Preventative measures

Routine immunizations: as per ACR 2023 guidelines, consider offering high-dose or adjuvanted influenza vaccination, rather than regular-dose influenza vaccination, in ≥ 65 years old patients with rheumatic or musculoskeletal diseases and in 18-65 years old patients with rheumatic or musculoskeletal diseases on immunosuppressive medications.

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Prophylaxis for P. jirovecii pneumonia

Follow-up and surveillance

Treatment monitoring, NSAIDs: as per ACR 2022 guidelines, consider obtaining a CBC, LFTs and renal function tests every 6-12 months for monitoring of patients taking NSAIDs.

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Treatment monitoring (DMARDs)
Treatment monitoring (hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine)
Treatment monitoring (biologics)