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definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology and prognosis of gonorrhea

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Definition

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It can present as urethritis in men, cervicitis or urethritis in women, and in extragenital sites such as the pharynx, rectum, conjunctiva, and rarely, systemically in both sexes
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Abstract

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Gonorrhoea

PubMed
Highly cited
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Epidemiology

Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of gonorrhea involves Neisseria gonorrhoeae invading the urethral epithelium, adhering to epithelial cells, multiplying, and initiating an inflammatory response. The infection is transmitted by direct inoculation of infected secretions from one mucosal surface to another. Antibiotic resistance is associated with specific gene mutations, including penA, penB, and mtrR for penicillin resistance; rpsJ, penB, and mtrR for tetracycline resistance; and gyrA and parC for fluoroquinolone resistance
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Disease

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Disease overview

Pathway
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Prognosis

The prognosis of gonorrhea is generally good with appropriate antibiotic treatment. However, untreated cases can lead to complications such as epididymitis, prostatitis, and disseminated gonococcal infection. The rise in prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant strains, particularly the international spread of ceftriaxone-resistant clones, poses a formidable challenge to gonorrhea control

In conclusion, gonorrhea is a common STI with a significant global incidence. It is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which invades the urethral epithelium and initiates an inflammatory response. The prognosis is generally good with appropriate treatment, but the rise in antimicrobial-resistant strains poses a significant challenge to disease control.

References

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Gonococcal urethritis

Disease

Disease overview

Pathway