Table of contents
Constrictive pericarditis
Background
Overview
Definition
Constrictive pericarditis is a chronic disease characterized by symptoms of fluid overload, progressive reduction in cardiac output, and congestive HF.
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Pathophysiology
Constrictive pericarditis is caused by fibrous thickening of the pericardium due to idiopathic reasons, prior cardiac surgery, postradiotherapy, postinfection (tuberculosis and non-tuberculous bacterial infection), connective tissue disease, malignancy, uremia, and sarcoidosis.
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Disease course
Chronic fibrous thickening of the pericardium due to various infectious and non-infectious causes result in constrictive pericarditis, which causes clinical manifestations of dyspnea, peripheral edema, chest pain, palpitation, abdominal distension, fever, fatigue, weight loss, jugular venous distension, pulsus paradoxus, hepatosplenomegaly, ascites, Kussmaul's sign, and pericardial shock.
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Prognosis and risk of recurrence
In-hospital mortality associated with constrictive pericarditis is 2.1%.
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Guidelines
Key sources
The following summarized guidelines for the evaluation and management of constrictive pericarditis are prepared by our editorial team based on guidelines from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC 2021) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC/EACTS 2015).
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Diagnostic investigations
Initial evaluation: as per EACTS/ESC 2015 guidelines, evaluate all patients with suspected pericardial disease using auscultation, ECG, TTE, CXR and routine blood tests, including markers of inflammation such as CRP and/or ESR, WBC count with differential, renal function, liver tests, and cardiac biomarkers.
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Transthoracic echocardiography
CXR
Cardiac MRI/CT
Diagnostic procedures
Diagnostic pericardiocentesis: as per EACTS/ESC 2015 guidelines, perform diagnostic pericardiocentesis with cytological analyses of pericardial fluid to confirm malignant pericardial disease.
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Cardiac catheterization
Medical management
Empiric antibacterial therapy: as per EACTS/ESC 2015 guidelines, initiate intravenous antibiotic therapy in patients with purulent pericarditis.
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Empiric anti-inflammatory therapy
Empiric anti-tuberculous therapy
Therapeutic procedures
Surgical interventions
Specific circumstances
Patients with tuberculous pericarditis: as per EACTS/ESC 2015 guidelines, administer standard antituberculosis drugs for 6 months for the prevention of tuberculous pericardial constriction.
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Patients with purulent pericarditis
Patients with radiation-induced constrictive pericarditis